山威文选 2022-2025 Selected Writings from SDU Weihai 2022–2025 第 03 篇 Section 03
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7、自然语言生成模型浅析（2023年夏） A Brief Analysis of Natural Language Generation Models (Summer 2023)
摘要 近几年，随着人工智能技术的迅速发展，自然语言模型的研发也取得了显著的进展。其中最具代表性的是由 OpenAI 公司开发的 GPT（Generative Pre-trained Transformer）系列自然语言生成模型，例如 ChatGPT 和 GPT-4。这些模型的发展背景可以追溯到深度学习的进步、大规模数据集的可用性以及计算资源的增强。
Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the research and development of natural language models has made remarkable progress. Among the most representative are the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) series developed by OpenAI, such as ChatGPT and GPT-4. The development background of these models can be traced to advances in deep learning, the availability of massive datasets, and enhanced computing power.
ChatGPT 和 GPT-4 是在大规模数据集上进行预训练的模型，具有非常强大的语言生成能力。它们使用了 Transformer 架构和自回归生成的方式，在多种自然语言任务上取得了令人瞩目的性能。这种预训练的模型可以通过微调或细调来适应特定的任务，如问答、机器翻译、摘要生成等。
ChatGPT and GPT-4 are pre-trained on massive datasets, possessing extraordinary language generation capabilities. Employing the Transformer architecture and auto-regressive generation, they have achieved striking performance across diverse NLP tasks. Such pre-trained models can be fine-tuned to adapt to specialized domains such as question answering, machine translation, and text summarization.
然而，尽管 ChatGPT 已经取得了令人瞩目的成就，但在其发展过程中仍存在一些挑战。其中包含模型的模糊和倾向性，以及在大规模应用中处理隐私和安全性问题。
However, despite these achievements, persistent challenges remain during development, including model ambiguity and bias, and privacy and security concerns in large-scale deployment.
本文围绕 ChatGPT 展开。首先概括自然语言处理 (Natural language processing, NLP) 的基本思想并对自然语言生成模型发展历程进行梳理；接着，详细探讨 ChatGPT 的技术细节及现有应用场景，并以前瞻性视角加以阐述 ChatGPT；最后，从技术、范式以及应用等多个方面对自然语言生成模型的发展趋势进行展望。
This paper centers on ChatGPT. First, it outlines core concepts of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and reviews the evolution of generation models. Next, it examines technical architecture and current application paradigms and discusses ChatGPT from a forward-looking perspective. Finally, it surveys developmental trajectories across engineering, paradigms, and societal applications.
第一节 自然语言生成模型与 ChatGPT 简述
Section 1: Overview of Natural Language Generation Models and ChatGPT
自然语言模型（Natural Language Model）是一种基于人类自然语言的计算机模型，旨在理解和生成人类语言以使计算机能够处理和生成自然语言文本。它通过学习自然语言的语法、语义和上下文关系，从单词和短语到句子和文档的各个级别，来完成各种文本处理任务。自然语言模型在多个领域广泛应用，包括自动文本摘要、机器翻译、智能助理、智能客服、舆情分析和信息检索等。这些模型的发展和改进显著提升了计算机处理和理解自然语言的能力，使得人机交互更加自然和便捷。
A Natural Language Model is a computational system engineered to understand and generate human language, enabling machines to process textual data across linguistic levels from words to discourse. By acquiring syntax, semantics, and contextual relationships, it executes summarization, machine translation, virtual assistants, customer service, sentiment analysis, and information retrieval, significantly advancing human-computer interaction.
ChatGPT 是一种基于 GPT-3.5 架构的大型语言模型，由 OpenAI 于 2022 年 11 月 30 日发布。GPT 代表 “Generative Pre-trained Transformer”，即生成式预训练转换器。ChatGPT 通过对大量文本数据进行训练，学习自然语言处理和生成文本的能力，以便能够与人类进行对话交互。它被设计为一个聊天机器人，能够回答用户的问题、提供信息和参与对话。
ChatGPT, released by OpenAI on November 30, 2022, is a large language model built upon the GPT-3.5 architecture. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer. Trained on vast textual corpora, ChatGPT acquires conversational fluency, serving as an interactive dialogue agent that answers queries, provides insights, and sustains discussion.
在多个领域和主题上，ChatGPT 具备一定的知识，并能处理广泛的问题类型，从常见的知识查询到一般性的对话，甚至包括创造故事和解决问题的能力。
Across domains, ChatGPT possesses a certain amount of knowledge, handling diverse queries ranging from factual lookups to open-ended dialogue, creative storytelling, and problem-solving.
ChatGPT 的训练数据主要来源于互联网上的文本数据，例如维基百科、新闻和社交媒体。这些数据集规模庞大，通常需要通过爬虫和其他方式进行收集和整理。ChatGPT 的论述条理清晰、有序，并符合大众日常的语言习惯，这是其受欢迎的原因之一。然而，需要注意的是，目前 ChatGPT 在执行过程中可能存在一定的误差性，尤其是在撰写邮件、视频脚本、文案、翻译、代码等任务上。
Its training corpora derive from web-scale data—Wikipedia, news repositories, and social platforms—curated via automated crawling. ChatGPT’s coherent discourse and natural fluency underpin its popularity, though users must remain vigilant regarding factual inaccuracies across tasks such as writing emails, video scripts, copy, translations, and code.
第二节 基本原理与发展过程
Section 2: Fundamental Principles and Evolutionary Trajectory
在 2016 年，AlphaGo（Silver 等，2016）成功击败了围棋世界冠军。在此之前，人们普遍认为这个古老的中国棋类游戏因其极高的复杂性而难以被人工智能系统所模拟。随后，2017 年 Google 的 Vaswani 等人提出了 Transformer 深度学习模型架构，该架构成为当前大型模型领域的主流算法基础。
In 2016, AlphaGo (Silver et al., 2016) defeated the human world champion in Go—a game long considered too computationally complex for AI simulation. In 2017, Vaswani et al. at Google introduced the Transformer architecture, establishing the mainstream algorithmic foundation in today’s field of large models.
2018 年，OpenAI 提出了生成式预训练 Transformer 模型——GPT（Radford 等，2018），为自然语言处理领域的发展做出了重要贡献。接着，2019 年，AlphaStar（Vinyals 等，2019）作为另一个人工智能系统，战胜了世界顶级的 StarCraft II 人类选手，为人工智能在复杂任务领域的未来发展提供了强有力的支持。
In 2018, OpenAI proposed the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT; Radford et al., 2018), marking a milestone in NLP. In 2019, AlphaStar (Vinyals et al., 2019) triumphed over elite human players in StarCraft II, underscoring AI’s capabilities in complex strategic realms.
在 2020 年，OpenAI 推出了 GPT-3 模型（Brown 等，2020）（模型参数约为 1750 亿），在众多自然语言处理（NLP）任务中展现出超越人类水平的能力。而 ChatGPT 则是人工智能发展的又一个里程碑。
In 2020, OpenAI unveiled GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020) with approximately 175 billion parameters, showcasing abilities beyond the human level across numerous natural language processing tasks. ChatGPT represents another watershed milestone.
ChatGPT 是一种基于认知计算和人工智能的语言模型，采用了 Transformer 架构（Vaswani 等，2017）和 GPT（Radford 等，2018）生成式预训练技术。GPT 训练的模型是一种应用于自然语言处理（NLP）的模型，通过多层 Transformer 预测下一个单词的概率分布来生成自然语言文本，它从超大规模的文本语料库中学习到的语言模式。
ChatGPT is a language model based on cognitive computing and artificial intelligence that uses the Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) and generative pre-training methods (Radford et al., 2018). The GPT training model is used in natural language processing and employs multi-layer Transformers to predict probability distributions over subsequent tokens, extracting linguistic patterns from web-scale corpora.
ChatGPT 使用基于指令微调（Instruction Fine-tuning，IFT）（Wei 等，2022b）技术来模拟人类的聊天行为。IFT 是一种可以追踪、学习和复述聊天历史的技术，用于实时会话中的自然语言建模和推断。除了使用情感分析、文本分类、摘要等经典 NLP 任务对模型进行微调外，IFT 还通过示范各种书面指令及其输出来在非常多样化的任务集上微调基础模型，从而提供了 ChatGPT 更大的自由度和更多样化的自然回复。
ChatGPT uses Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT; Wei et al., 2022b) to simulate human conversational behavior. IFT can track, learn, and repeat chat history for natural language modeling and inference in real-time conversations. In addition to fine-tuning the model on classic NLP tasks such as sentiment analysis, text classification, and summarization, IFT fine-tunes a base model across a highly diverse set of tasks by demonstrating written instructions and their outputs, giving ChatGPT greater freedom and more varied, natural responses.
玩家们可以与机器人无缝对话，享受自然聊天的乐趣。IFT 还可以帮助 ChatGPT 进行语法检查，避免重复或无意义的语句，提升会话体验。
Users enjoy seamless dialogue interactions. IFT further aids syntax consistency, curbing repetitive loops and elevating dialogue quality.
表一 对比 GPT 系列模型的参数量和预训练数据量
Table 1: Comparison of Parameters and Pre-training Data Volume Across GPT Series
| 方法 Method | 发布时间 Release Date | 参数量/亿 Parameters (100M) | 预训练数据量 Pre-training Data Volume |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPT-1 | 2018 年 6 月 June 2018 | 1.17 | 约 5GB Approx. 5GB |
| GPT-2 | 2019 年 2 月 Feb 2019 | 15 | 40GB |
| GPT-3 | 2020 年 5 月 May 2020 | 1750 | 45TB |
第三节 现有发展状况概览
Section 3: Overview of Current State and Applications
ChatGPT 具有创造性回复（可用于文稿写作、诗歌创作）、上下文场景式回答（可用于特定要求问答）、专业性能力强（可用于机器翻译、代码编程）等特点，已在教育、医疗、科研等领域取得了广泛的应用，以下略举数例以说明：
Distinguished by creative generation, contextual adaptability, and technical capability in coding and translation, ChatGPT is deployed across education, healthcare, and research:
1）教育
生成式 AI 的交互机制能够帮助学习者自主探索知识信息，既突破了书本知识章节化带来的碎片感，又规避了卡片式知识图谱内容单一陈旧的缺点。生成式 AI 可以通过提供多领域信息帮助学习者理解学科之间的联系和差异，全面理解和思考问题。信息时代知识不再被学术精英垄断，但信息过载、选择性接触心理反而构筑了新的认知壁垒———信息茧房。这种学习者个性化“洞穴”容易导致接收信息同质、视野狭隘、加剧认知体系固化、形成思维定式，从而弱化人类创新力。
- Education: The interactive mechanism of generative AI can help learners explore knowledge and information independently, overcoming the fragmentation caused by textbook chapters while avoiding the narrow and outdated content of card-based knowledge graphs. By providing information from many fields, generative AI can help learners understand connections and differences among disciplines and consider problems comprehensively. In the information age, knowledge is no longer monopolized by academic elites, but information overload and selective exposure have instead built a new cognitive barrier: the information cocoon. These personalized “caves” can homogenize the information learners receive, narrow their horizons, harden their cognitive systems, create fixed patterns of thought, and thereby weaken human creativity.
而 ChatGPT 强大的信息加工、荟萃、整合和生成能力为打破学习者个性化“洞穴”，打通人类智能和机器智能信道屏障提供了可能性。
ChatGPT’s capacity for information synthesis and generation bridges channels between human and machine intelligence, expanding intellectual horizons.
2）医疗
广州大学已通过自然语言模型开发一种基于 miRNAs 表达谱和自然语言模型的癌症分类方法，有助于解决现有技术中基于基因组数据的癌症分类方法存在的结果容易受到实验批次效应的影响的问题。另外，前段时间，名为 Pi 的聊天机器人横空出世，它不卷论文、不写代码，也不直接提升生产力，暂时只想和你好好聊天。
- Healthcare: Guangzhou University has developed a cancer-classification method based on miRNA expression profiles and natural language models, helping address the vulnerability of existing genomic-data methods to experimental batch effects. More recently, a chatbot named Pi appeared; for now, it does not compete in publishing papers, write code, or directly raise productivity, but simply wants to have a good conversation with you.
3）科研
ChatGPT 在高等教育及科研领域可用于头脑风暴、撰写科研报告、做文献综述及研究论文等。另外，通过 ChatGPT 的帮助，研究人员可以对交叉领域有新的拓展，创造出新的科研产物，在交叉领域取得前所未有的突破。ChatGPT 可以帮助工程师更快地找到代码示例和技术解决方案，以加速开发进程。ChatGPT 还可以利用大量数据进行分析，帮助工业公司更好地识别模式和趋势，并基于此进行决策。
- Scientific Research: In higher education and research, ChatGPT can assist with brainstorming, writing research reports, conducting literature reviews, and preparing research papers. It can help researchers expand into interdisciplinary fields, create new research outputs, and make unprecedented breakthroughs at their intersections. It can also help engineers find code examples and technical solutions more quickly to accelerate development, and analyze large volumes of data so industrial companies can identify patterns and trends and make decisions accordingly.
在 ChatGPT 迅猛发展的同时，New Bing、Bard、Claude、Sage、NeevaAI 等竞品在市场上如雨后春笋般出现，由 ChatGPT 引发的这波人工智能热潮在可见的未来将给世界带来更多的改变。另外，OpenAI 于近期发布了其最新研究成果——GPT-4，一种大型多模态模型（large multimodal model），让人们对 GPT 模型的可能性产生了极大的憧憬。
Alongside ChatGPT, contenders like New Bing, Bard, Claude, Sage, and NeevaAI surged into the arena. The AI boom set off by ChatGPT will bring further changes to the world in the foreseeable future. OpenAI also recently released its latest research result, GPT-4, a large multimodal model, greatly expanding expectations for what GPT models might achieve.
相比于 ChatGPT，GPT-4 在多个方面进行了进一步的改进：
Compared to ChatGPT, GPT-4 introduces substantive enhancements:
支持更长的上下文。 一方面，GPT-4 可以处理更长篇幅的文本输入，直接从大量资料中提取相关信息，例如整个维基百科网页的内容；另一方面，GPT-4 能够生成更长的输出文本，这对于文学作品创作等应用场景非常有利，用户甚至可以借助 GPT-4 来编写中篇小说。
Extended Context Window: GPT-4 processes significantly longer context inputs, extracting insights directly from entire documents, while sustaining extended generation suitable for long-form novella composition.
支持图片输入。 与 ChatGPT 仅处理文本输入不同，GPT-4 允许用户输入图片。如图 1-3 所示，GPT-4 能够深入理解图片中的场景、物体、文字、公式、表格和示意图等内容，并根据这些信息完成用户指令。这种多模态处理能力相对于 ChatGPT 来说是一项重大突破。
Multimodal Image Input: Unlike text-only predecessors, GPT-4 parses visual inputs—comprehending scenes, objects, text, formulas, tables, and diagrams to execute visual-linguistic reasoning.
引入插件功能。 插件功能简单来讲，就是 ChatGPT 可以连接第三方的 API，在使用 ChatGPT 的时候可以调用第三方的插件，以此增强 ChatGPT 的功能并允许其执行更加广泛的操作。插件可以允许 ChatGPT 执行以下操作：1、检索实时信息： 例如，体育比分、股票价格、最新消息等。2、检索知识库信息： 例如，公司文件、个人笔记等。3、代表用户执行操作；例如，订机票、订餐等。
Plugin Ecosystem: Connecting to third-party APIs enables ChatGPT to access real-time metrics (stock quotes, news), private knowledge bases, and execute transactional actions (flight bookings, dining reservations).
然而，并非所有人都对 ChatGPT 的迅猛发展感到乐观。2023 年 3 月末，OpenAI 前投资者马斯克等千人向科技公司写下联名信，担忧 ChatGPT 飞速发展下暴露出的问题：如内容审查、意识形态差异导致的技术审查、数据安全、隐私争议等。更严重的是，缺乏道德监管的 ChatGPT 甚至会带来道德伦理困境，给科学家以深深的担忧。
However, apprehensions abound. At the end of March 2023, roughly a thousand signatories, including former OpenAI investor Elon Musk, sent an open letter to technology companies expressing concern about problems exposed by ChatGPT’s rapid development, including content review, technical censorship arising from ideological differences, data security, and privacy controversies. More seriously, ChatGPT without ethical oversight could create moral and ethical dilemmas, causing scientists deep concern.
首先，ChatGPT 并不具备实际理解问题的能力，它仅仅根据其在训练数据中所学到的模式和统计规律来生成回复。因此，它可能会出现错误、提供不准确的信息或产生不连贯的回答。另外，ChatGPT 在安全方面也存在一定问题。由于 ChatGPT 是一种强大的人工智能技术，它可能被恶意利用，造成严重的安全隐患及产生法律风险。同时，它的答案尚不明确是否具有知识产权。因此，开发者需要在设计和使用 ChatGPT 时，考虑到安全性问题，并采取相应的措施来保证安全。
Fundamentally, ChatGPT lacks conscious comprehension, generating sequences via statistical patterns extracted from training corpora. Consequently, it can make mistakes, provide inaccurate information, or produce incoherent answers. Because it is a powerful AI technology, it can also be maliciously exploited, creating serious security hazards and legal risks. It is still unclear whether its answers carry intellectual-property rights. Developers therefore need to consider safety when designing and using ChatGPT and take corresponding protective measures.
令人感到意外的是，ChatGPT 生成的文本可能不够准确，表现为有时严肃地编造的内容；而有时候它的回答看似合理，但是无依据可循。此外，它也可能在表述的时候语法错误或不合理的表述。以上的诸多问题都等待着下一步改进。
Unexpectedly, ChatGPT-generated text may be inaccurate, at times seriously fabricating content; at other times, its answers appear plausible but lack supporting evidence. It may also contain grammatical errors or unreasonable phrasing. All these problems await further improvement.
第四节 总结
Section 4: Summary
ChatGPT 的发展前景非常广阔，它代表了自然语言处理和人工智能领域的重要进步。它可以用于虚拟助手、在线客服、自动化问答系统等各种领域。随着技术的进一步发展，ChatGPT 将能够更好地理解和回答用户的问题，提供更加智能、个性化的服务。但在其发展过程中仍存在一些挑战，这需要制定严格的数据使用政策和安全措施，确保用户信息的安全和保密。
ChatGPT has very broad prospects and represents important progress in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. It can be used for virtual assistants, online customer service, automated question-answering systems, and many other fields. As the technology develops further, ChatGPT will be better able to understand and answer users’ questions and provide more intelligent and personalized services. Challenges nevertheless remain, requiring strict data-use policies and security measures to protect the safety and confidentiality of user information.
尽管存在挑战，ChatGPT 的未来依然非常光明。随着技术的不断进步和对模型的改进，我们可以期待 ChatGPT 在各个领域的广泛应用，为人们提供更加智能、高效的交互体验。同时，我们也应该保持对其发展的审慎态度，确保其应用在符合伦理和法律标准的前提下，为人类社会带来积极的影响。愿人工智能的未来一片光明，越来越好！
Despite these challenges, ChatGPT’s future remains bright. As the technology and models improve, we can expect ChatGPT to be widely applied across fields and provide more intelligent and efficient interactive experiences. At the same time, we should remain cautious about its development and ensure that its applications comply with ethical and legal standards and have a positive impact on human society. May the future of artificial intelligence grow ever brighter and better!
8、举例说明党领导一切的制度安排 Institutional Arrangements of the Party Leading Everything
我们都知道，坚持党的领导是我国社会主义最本质的特征，这也是我们中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。坚持党的领导也是我们社会主义改革事业取得不断胜利的根本政治保证。这些词句其实我们从小到大已经听过很多次了，但是具体是为什么党要领导一切，为什么党能领导一切，以及党具体是怎么领导我们的，其实我们心里或多或少还是有一些模糊。
Upholding Party leadership is the defining feature of Chinese socialism and the greatest institutional strength of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, serving as the fundamental political guarantee for ongoing reform victories. Though familiar with these tenets, we must examine clearly: why the Party leads everything, why the Party can lead everything, and how the Party operationalizes this leadership.
接下来，我们将从这三个方面为大家进行本专题的讲解。
We shall analyze this institutional arrangement through these three core dimensions.
首先，为什么党要领导一切呢？
First, why must the Party lead everything?
众所周知，西方有在野党和执政党的区分，各个党派为了获得执政的权力，都会进行无休止的辩论和拉票。譬如美国，各个政党之间，有时竞选支持率差距只有几个州，但在法治体系的框架下，那些反对的州也被强制认同化，并在接下来的若干年时间里掀起新一轮的执政党之争，进行下一波的无意义辩论。执政党在竞选前所承诺的那些措施，也常常会因为那些实质上反对的人，而不好实施下去，最后逐渐演变为空谈。就比如奥巴马在当选总统后曾承诺将在未来进行大变革，但是八年过去了，美国的体制却没有什么本质上的变化。
As everyone knows, Western systems distinguish between opposition and governing parties, and the parties engage in endless debate and campaigning to obtain governing power. In the United States, for example, electoral support may differ by only a few states; under the rule-of-law framework, the opposing states are nevertheless forced to accept the result, and over the following years a new contest over the governing party begins, with another round of pointless debate. Measures promised by the governing party before an election are often difficult to implement because of those who substantively oppose them, and gradually become empty talk. For example, after being elected president, Obama promised major changes, but after eight years the US system had not changed in any fundamental way.
那么横向有了对比，再说说纵向的，说回来我们中国。我们自己曾经有过这样的执政方式吗？对历史稍微熟悉一些的同学大概会记得，其实我们明代就有过那么个多党竞争的时期。在那时，各个党派均有各自认同的执政理念，譬如天理、大道、君权神授等。这些党派的合理与否我们暂且不谈，但是这些理念的冲突，就在后来逐渐也同样演变为了对执政权的竞争，而失去了对底层人民，对当权初心的把持。
Turning from this horizontal comparison to China’s own history, the Ming dynasty also had a period of competition among multiple parties. Each faction endorsed its own governing principles, such as heavenly principle, the Great Way, or the divine right of monarchs. Setting aside whether those parties were sound, their conflicts of ideas gradually turned into competition for governing power, losing their hold on the needs of the people at the bottom and on their original purpose in exercising power.
正因为有这么多反面例子，我们选择让【一个】党来领导一切，从根本上解决了无意义的党间争斗，转化为了党内的民主，也就是民主集中制。
Learning from these negative models, China instituted the leadership of a single vanguard party, eliminating partisan gridlock by channeling deliberations into intra-party democracy—namely democratic centralism.
很有意思的一点，就是西方很多都说自己的制度是民主，而我们是民主集中。这俩词就差了集中两个字，又为什么相去甚远？这两个字里其实蕴含着我们党的大智慧。前面提到过，我们人民和历史，通过让一个党来执政来解决历史上和西方的多党竞争的治国方式，但是此时我们就会发觉这样的方式就【好像啊好像】，失去了现在西方经常抨击我们时候所提到的“民主”。但其实我们并没有失去，因为我们的党内民主，十分开放和充满活力。
Many Western countries describe their systems as democratic, whereas ours is democratic centralism. The two expressions differ only by the word “centralism,” yet their systems are far apart, and those two added characters embody the Party’s governing wisdom. As noted above, the people and history resolved the historical and Western model of multi-party competition by allowing one party to govern. At first glance, this might seem to eliminate the “democracy” invoked in Western criticism of China. In fact it does not, because intra-party democracy is highly open and full of vitality.
我们知道，从70年代刚从文革走出来，再到短短几年后邓小平提出改革开放，我们进入了新的篇章，如此之大的变化，乍一看好像十分无厘头，转变得十分突兀，但这其实正是我们民主集中这一党内民主的活跃体现。我们在探索试错过后，可以及时顺应民意，顺应时代做出改变，我们在党内通过广泛的、一层一层的探讨达成了共识，最后汇集到党成为新的方针。通过民主集中，我们党本身就成为了民心所向。
From the late 1970s transition to Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Opening-up, sweeping transformations reflected the vitality of democratic centralism. Through trial and reflection, the Party adjusted course in alignment with popular will, achieving layered consensus that crystallized into national policy.
我们是先达成共识再凝练，而西方正好相反。西方资本主义的政党其实本质上并没有严格的民主这一属性，但我们从一开始就代表了最广大人民的利益。这时候我们再回过头来看看西方抨击我们所谓不民主的话，其实可以感到甚至有些可笑。
这也正是为什么我们党，能够领导一切。
We reach consensus first and then distill it, while the West does the reverse. Western capitalist parties do not in essence possess a strict democratic character, whereas our Party has represented the interests of the overwhelming majority from the outset. Looking back at Western claims that we are undemocratic can therefore seem almost laughable. This is precisely why our Party can lead everything.
现在我们解决了两个问题，为什么让一个党领导一切，为什么中国共产党能够领导一切。那么我们接下来了解一下，具体党领导我们什么方面。党的领导主要是对我们广大人民群众做出引领作用，不仅包括方法论层面的方针政策引领，还包括思想层面的引领。具体是在三个方面起到领导作用。分别是政治领导，思想领导和组织领导。
Having answered why one party should lead everything and why the Communist Party of China can do so, we next consider what the Party specifically leads. Its leadership guides the broad masses, not only through policies and principles at the methodological level but also through guidance at the ideological level. It operates in three specific areas: political, ideological, and organizational leadership.
前两个就是政治方向、重大方针政策等方面的引领，以及理论观点和思想方法层面的引领，武装我们党员群众，而组织领导就是发动党组织和党员干部等去起到先锋模范的作用，带动群众贯彻前两个引领，实现党治理的“从下到上”，然后再“从上到下”。
The first two guide political direction and major policies, as well as theoretical views and methods of thought, equipping Party members and the public. Organizational leadership mobilizes Party organizations, Party-member cadres, and others to play exemplary vanguard roles, leading the public to carry out the first two forms of guidance and realizing Party governance first “from bottom to top” and then “from top to bottom.”
说这些相信很多同学会搞混，记不太清楚这些领导都是什么意思，相互之间的具体区别又是什么。我们可以结合一个实例来看。就举疫情的例子吧。
To illustrate concretely, consider the public health response during the COVID-19 pandemic.
首先，党的政治领导。在最初新冠疫情发生后，党中央就已高度重视，迅速做出了部署，要求加强对疫情防控的集中统一领导，习近平总书记在两周内也多次召开中央政治局常委会，做出重要指示，1月22日更是果断要求湖北省对人员外流实施全面的严格管控。这一系列的举措和重大方针引领充分体现了党的政治领导，其中大量的重要指示和要求等更是有着极高的建设性意义，可以切实作为方法论去指导全国各级去实施，可以说是十分高效。
First, political leadership: after the initial COVID-19 outbreak, the CPC Central Committee attached great importance to it and rapidly made arrangements, requiring stronger centralized and unified leadership of epidemic prevention and control. General Secretary Xi Jinping also convened several meetings of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau within two weeks and issued important instructions; on January 22, he decisively required Hubei Province to impose comprehensive and strict controls on people leaving the province. These major policies fully demonstrated political leadership, and the many instructions and requirements provided highly constructive methodological guidance for implementation at every level nationwide.
其次，是组织领导——在新冠开始的时候，我们最熟悉的就是那些白衣逆行者。不仅是新冠，还有二十年前的非典，初期的时候都因为病毒的突如其来，来不及防范，首当其冲的便是医务工作者，出现了大规模的医务人员感染。当接诊的护士医生看到送进病房的是自己的同行，所有人都在担心自己是不是下一个他。身为人，谁面对这突如其来的病毒能不怕呢？但是身为党员，他们不上前去，谁又能上前去？一位位白衣天使就这么义无反顾地写下了请战书，奔赴前线。这就体现了我们组织领导的先进性。
Second, organizational leadership: at the beginning of COVID-19, the figures most familiar to us were the medical workers who advanced against the flow. In both COVID-19 and SARS twenty years earlier, the sudden arrival of the virus left little time for precautions, and medical workers bore the brunt, with large-scale infections among them. When nurses and doctors saw colleagues admitted to their wards, everyone worried that they might be next. As human beings, who would not fear such a sudden virus? But as Party members, if they did not step forward, who would? Medical workers signed petitions to join the fight without hesitation and headed for the front line, demonstrating the strength of organizational leadership.
党组织和党员干部去积极带动广泛的人民群众集中力量办大事，执行党的政治领导方针，所有人拧成一股劲，这才在病毒毒性最强的时候压住了扩散的形势。
Party organizations and Party-member cadres actively mobilized the broad public to concentrate resources on major tasks and carry out the policies of political leadership. With everyone pulling together, the spread was checked when the virus was at its most virulent.
最后，思想领导方向。新冠疫情几年来，我们看到了无数的白衣天使，他们最终凝成了一个精神，伟大的抗疫精神。这个精神经过党的领导，又带动更多的人投入抗疫前线中去，形成了良性的循环。
Third, ideological leadership: over the years of COVID-19, we saw countless medical workers, whose actions ultimately crystallized into the Great Anti-Epidemic Spirit. Under the Party’s leadership, that spirit inspired still more people to join the front line, forming a virtuous cycle.
通过一个我们都亲身经历过的例子，想必大家都对党的领导有了一个比较清晰的认识，也对为什么我们要党来领导一切，为什么恰恰是中国共产党领导一切有了更加深刻的认识。我们的展示到此结束。谢谢大家。
Through lived experiences, the institutional logic of Party leadership across political, organizational, and ideological axes becomes transparent. That concludes our presentation; thank you, everyone.
9、青春修德，砥砺前行——记山东大学青年之修德篇章 Cultivating Virtue in Youth, Forging Ahead Resolutely
青春者，如旭日东升，光芒初露，乃人生中最富朝气之时也。于山东大学之圣地，青年才俊汇聚，皆以修德为要务，砥砺前行，共铸辉煌。
Youth is like the rising sun casting its first rays, the most vibrant season of human existence. Within the hallowed grounds of Shandong University, youthful talents converge, taking the cultivation of virtue as their foremost duty, pressing ahead to forge shared brilliance.
夫修德者，非徒托之空言，宜见之于行事。于山大校园内，学子们身体力行，将修德融入日常点滴之中。或积极参与公益，以仁爱之心温暖他人；或勤奋向学，以求知之欲充实自我；或明辨是非，以慎思之行笃定前行。此皆山大青年修德之具体实践也。
Cultivating virtue relies not upon hollow pronouncements, but reveals itself in deeds. On SDU’s campus, students weave moral refinement into daily routines: engaging in philanthropy to warm others with benevolence; studying with diligence to enrich the mind; and discerning right from wrong to stride forward with prudence. These are the concrete practices of moral cultivation among SDU youth.
尝忆昔日山大某学子，于寒冬之际，见一老者于街头瑟缩。学子心生怜悯，遂解衣赠之。此举虽小，却彰显出山大青年之仁爱品德。又有一学子，勤奋好学，日夜攻读，终获学术之硕果。彼之成功，非偶然也，乃其修德之必然结果也。
One recalls an SDU student who, seeing an elderly citizen shivering on a winter street, bestowed his own coat out of compassion—a modest act displaying selfless benevolence. Another student studied diligently day and night and eventually achieved academic success. That success was no accident, but the inevitable result of moral cultivation.
于山大，修德亦与学术并重。学子们深知非学无以广才，非志无以成学之理。故于图书馆内，埋头苦读，孜孜以求；于课堂上，聚精会神，虚心听讲。吾等以知识武装头脑，以智慧点亮前程，实乃修德之重要一环也。
At SDU, moral cultivation and academic inquiry stand equal. Recognizing that learning broadens talent and ambition anchors learning, students immerse themselves in libraries and engage attentively in lecture halls, arming their minds with knowledge to illuminate the journey ahead.
然修德者更须明辨是非，慎思笃行。于今之世，信息爆炸，思潮涌动，各种诱惑层出不穷。山大青年保持清醒之头脑，坚守道德之底线，不为世俗所惑，不为名利所诱。吾等以社会主义核心价值观为指引，弘扬正能量，传播好声音，为社会之进步贡献己力。
Moreover, moral refinement requires discerning discernment and prudent action. Amidst information deluge and worldly temptations, SDU youth maintain lucid minds, upholding ethical baselines and resisting superficial fame, guided by core socialist values to contribute to societal advancement.
修德之路虽长且艰，然山大青年自强不息，砥砺前行。吾等深知修德非一日之功，需持之以恒、久久为功。故于日常生活中不断磨砺自我、提升自我、完善自我。见己之行有益于他人与社会时，吾等自感欣慰与自豪；见己之过则勇于承认并改正之。此等成就感与自豪感乃修德路上最宝贵之财富也。
Though the path of virtue is long and arduous, SDU youth strive unceasingly. We understand that moral cultivation is not achieved in a day, but requires sustained effort over a long period, so we continually temper, improve, and perfect ourselves in daily life. We feel gratification and pride when our actions benefit others and society, and courageously admit and correct our mistakes. This sense of achievement and pride is the most precious wealth on the path of moral cultivation.
夫以山大之特色观之，则更见青年修德之重要性。山东大学历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚；其校训“学无止境、气有浩然”亦体现了对学子们品德修养之要求。于山大求学之青年才俊们当以修德为基石以立身行事；当以仁爱为怀以关爱他人；当以勤奋为要以追求真知；当以明辨为行以树立正确的价值观；当以踏实肯干以笃实前行；当以俭约自守以谨行俭用；当以谦卑虚心以谦虚谨慎；当以克己奉公以恬淡寡欲。唯如此方能为时代之佼佼者、国家之栋梁也！
Viewed through SDU’s distinctive character, the importance of young people’s moral cultivation becomes still clearer. Shandong University has a long history and deep cultural heritage, and its motto, “Endless in Learning, Noble in Spirit,” also expresses expectations for students’ moral development. Young scholars at SDU should make virtue the foundation of conduct; care for others with benevolence; pursue true knowledge through diligence; form sound values by distinguishing right from wrong; move forward through solid hard work; live frugally and act with restraint; remain humble and prudent; and exercise self-restraint in serving the public while living with few material desires. Only in this way can they become leaders of the age and pillars of the nation.
青春如火如荼之际，愿山大青年皆能于修德之路上砥砺前行、奋发有为！愿吾等以实际行动诠释青春之价值与意义！愿吾等携手共进为实现中华民族伟大复兴之中国梦贡献青春力量！修德之路漫漫兮其修远兮，吾辈青年当自强不息而求索之！
In this season of blazing youth, may SDU students forge ahead along the road of moral cultivation and accomplish great things! May we interpret the value and meaning of youth through concrete action! May we join hands and contribute youthful strength to the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation! The path of moral cultivation is long and distant; our generation of young people must strengthen ourselves unceasingly and keep searching.